On May 10, 2025, India and Pakistan agreed to a “full and immediate ceasefire” after days of intense military clashes that had raised global fears of a potential nuclear confrontation. The ceasefire, brokered primarily through mediation efforts led by former U.S. President Donald Trump and supported by multiple international actors, marked a critical de-escalation in the volatile relations between the two nuclear-armed neighbors.
Background of the Escalation
The recent conflict was triggered on May 7, when India launched “Operation Sindoor,” a series of missile strikes targeting alleged terrorist infrastructure in Pakistani-administered Kashmir and Punjab. The operation involved Rafale fighter jets armed with SCALP missiles and Hammer bombs, reportedly killing at least 100 militants. In retaliation, Pakistan initiated “Operation Bunyan Ul Marsoos,” targeting Indian military bases, including missile and drone attacks on key installations. This tit-for-tat exchange escalated into one of the largest aerial engagements in recent decades, involving over 120 fighter jets from both sides.
The violence resulted in significant casualties, with at least 66 civilians reported dead and major damage to military infrastructure on both sides. The conflict also disrupted a fragile ceasefire pact established in 2021, which had been the most substantial since 2003.
International Mediation and Ceasefire Announcement
Amid escalating violence and international concern, the United States played a pivotal role in mediating the ceasefire. Former President Donald Trump announced the agreement on his social media platform, Truth Social, praising both nations for their “common sense and great intelligence” in agreeing to halt hostilities. U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio confirmed that the ceasefire was accompanied by commitments to initiate broader talks on various issues at a neutral venue, reflecting efforts to address the underlying tensions diplomatically.
The United Nations and other global leaders welcomed the ceasefire, urging both countries to pursue peaceful dialogue and stability in the region. China and the G7 also called for restraint and emphasized the importance of peace.
Current Situation and Challenges Ahead
Despite the ceasefire agreement taking effect at 17:00 Indian Standard Time on May 10, reports of violations surfaced within hours. Explosions and gunfire were reported in Indian-administered Kashmir, with India accusing Pakistan of breaching the agreement. Pakistan, however, denied any violations, highlighting the fragility of the ceasefire and the ongoing mistrust between the two sides.
Both countries have maintained military mobilization near the Line of Control (LoC), and mutual accusations continue. The suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty and the closure of the Attari–Wagah border crossing remain significant obstacles to normalization, affecting trade and people-to-people contact.
The ceasefire has brought a temporary halt to active hostilities but does not resolve the core issues, particularly the Kashmir dispute, which remains a longstanding and deeply contentious point. Analysts warn that without sustained diplomatic engagement, confidence-building measures, and resolution of underlying grievances, the peace remains precarious.
A Fragile Peace: The Uncertain Path to Stability in South Asia
The May 2025 ceasefire between India and Pakistan represents a crucial, albeit fragile, step toward de-escalation after a dangerous period of military conflict. While the agreement has temporarily halted violence, the persistence of ceasefire violations and unresolved political disputes underscores the tenuous nature of peace in the region. The international community’s continued involvement in facilitating dialogue and encouraging constructive negotiations will be vital in transforming this fragile ceasefire into lasting stability for South Asia.
