The Vatican City is the smallest independent state in the world, both in terms of area and population. Located in the heart of Rome, it serves as the spiritual and administrative headquarters of the Catholic Church. Its existence as a sovereign state dates back to 1929, with the signing of the Lateran Treaty between Italy and the Holy See.

History of the Vatican

The origins of the Vatican trace back to antiquity, with the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica over the presumed tomb of the Apostle Peter. For centuries, the popes exercised temporal power over the Papal States, which covered a large part of central Italy. In 1870, the annexation of these states by the Kingdom of Italy marked the end of papal temporal power, giving rise to the “Roman Question.”

This situation persisted until 1929 when Pope Pius XI and the Fascist government of Benito Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty. This agreement recognized the sovereignty of the Vatican as an independent state and established Catholicism as the state religion in Italy (until the revision of the Concordat in 1984).

Organization and Functioning

The Vatican is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Pope, who holds all executive, legislative, and judicial powers. Its government is structured through several institutions:

• The Pope: Head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican, elected for life by the College of Cardinals.
• The Roman Curia: A group of administrative bodies that assist the Pope in managing the Church and the Vatican.
• The College of Cardinals: An advisory body that elects the Pope and assists in governance.
• The Swiss Guard: A military corps responsible for the security of the Pope and the Vatican.

Influence and International Role

Despite its small size, the Vatican plays a major international role. It maintains diplomatic relations with more than 180 countries and participates in various international organizations as an observer. Its influence is based on its spiritual authority, its positions on ethical and social issues, and its humanitarian missions worldwide.

Conclusion

The Vatican is a unique state, serving as both the spiritual center of Catholicism and an influential diplomatic entity. Its history, marked by conflicts and adaptations, makes it a symbol of religious and political power throughout the ages.